Cheese in Chijnaya: Communal Entrepreneurship in Rural Peru
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22439/jba.v8i2.5848Abstract
Individual entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship may be more common both in daily life and in the research literature, but community- based entrepreneurship also plays an important role in economic development. We present a case study of community entrepreneurship in a rural area of the Andes, where the community of Chijnaya operates a successful cheese production business. Buying milk from its farmer members in the community, the business produces cheeses that are sold in regional urban markets and beyond. This account draws on decades of ethnographic research and collaboration with the community. Here, we discuss the history of the community in general and of the cheese enterprise in particular. The organizational structure of the business is outlined along with a description of the production processes. We end with an analysis of problems faced by the community in moving the enterprise forward toward a more profitable future and a discussion of the relevance of this case to entrepreneurship studies.
References
Aguirre, J., J. Araoz, A. Candia and D. Quiroz. 2016. Evaluación financiera del proyecto - mejora de la planta procesadora de quesos APROLEDL Chijnaya, Puno, Perú. Report submitted as part of the requirements for the diploma program on project management, ESAN University, Lima, Peru.
Álvarez, V. 2011. Planta Quesera APROLEDL-Chijnaya: Procesamiento y Manufactura de Queso Paria. Report prepared for The Chijnaya Foundation, Palm Springs, California.
Bolton, C. and R. Bolton. 2009. El trabajo de niños en la sociedad andina, In La vida familiar en comunidades andinas: Estudios antropológicos en la sierra sur del Perú. Ralph Bolton. Pp. 243-260. Lima, Peru: Editorial Horizonte. [Original, 1982. El trabajo de niños en la sociedad andina, Paper presented in the Congreso de Investigación acerca de la Mujer en la Región Andina. Lima, Perú.]
Bolton, R., J. Aguirre and A. Stromberg. 2015. Micropréstamos en el Perú rural: el modelo Chijnaya de fondos rotativos, In Antropología Aplicada en el Perú: Estudios de Casos. J. Ávila and R. Bolton, eds. Pp. 55-88. Lima, Peru: Editorial Horizonte.
Bolton, R. 1974. El abusivo y el humilde: participación diferencial en conflictos entre los Qolla, Allpanchis Phuturinqa 6:42-78.
Bolton, R. 1979. Differential Aggressiveness and Litigiousness: Social Support and Social Status Hypotheses, Aggressive Behavior 5:233-255. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-2337(1979)5:3<233::AIDAB2480050302> 3.0.CO;2-O
Bolton, R. 2010. Chijnaya: The Birth and Evolution of an Andean Community, Memories and Reflections of an Applied Anthropologist, In Vicos and Beyond: A Half Century of Applying Anthropology in Peru. T. Greaves, R. Bolton, and F. Zapata, eds. Pp. 215-263. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
Bolton, R. 2011. Achachis y Bordados: Storytelling Embroideries from Chijnaya, Peru, Lecture at the opening of an exhibition at the Museums of the University of Richmond. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tMcsnY5i5lI, Accessed July 20, 2019.
Bolton, R. and C. Bolton. 1975. Conflictos en la familia andina. Foreword by J. A. Flores-Ochoa Translated into Spanish by J. A. Flores-Ochoa and Y. D. N. Vizcarra. Cuzco, Peru: Centro de Estudios Andinos.
Dana, L. P. 2010. The Social Role of Entrepreneurship Strategies among Sámi Family SMEs. Rencontres (Conference papers, Montpellier Business School) https://www.kmuhsg.ch/rencontres/Renc2010/Topics_2010/B/Rencontres_2010_Topic_B_Dana_f.pdf Accessed August 10, 2019.
Dana, L. P. 2015. Indigenous Entrepreneurship: An Emerging Field of Research, International Journal of Business and Globalisation 14(2):158-169. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBG.2015.067433
Dana, L. P. and R. B. Anderson, eds. 2007. International Handbook of Research on Indigenous Entrepreneurship. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781781952641
Degregori, C. I. 2012. How Difficult It Is to Be God: Shining Path's Politics of War in Peru, 1980-1999. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
Dunnell, T. 2018. The Current Minimum Wage in Peru in US Dollars and Soles. The New Peruvian. May 31. http://www.newperuvian.com/current-minimum-wage-in-peru-in-usdollars-and-soles/ Accessed September 20, 2019.
Ferreira, M.P., N. R. Reis, and R. Miranda. 2015. Thirty Years of Entrepreneurship Research Published in Top Journals: Analysis of Citations, Co-citations and Themes, Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research 5(1):2-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-015-0035-6
Flores O. J. 1979. Pastoralists of the Andes. Foreword and translation by R. Bolton. Philadelphia, PA: ISHI Publications.
Flores O. J. and D. Roca. 2015. El torito de Pukara: cerámica tradicional de Ch'eqa Pupuja, In La cultura expresiva puneña: Religión, arte y folklore. Tomo II, Serie Etnografía Clásica en el Altiplano Peruano. R. Bolton, ed. Pp. 271-325. Lima, Peru: Editorial Horizonte.
Galdo P., R. and A. Montalvo. n.d. Dos comunidades altiplánicas: Camicachi y Chinchera, In Comunidades y parcialidades puneñas: Antes de la reform agraria. Tomo III, Serie Etnografía Clásica en el Altiplano Peruano. R. Bolton, ed. Lima, Peru: Editorial Horizonte. [In press]
Galdo P. R. n.d. El indígena y el mestizo de Vilquechico, In Comunidades y parcialidades puneñas: Antes de la reforma agraria. Tomo III, Serie Etnografía Clásica en el Altiplano Peruano. R. Bolton, ed. Lima, Peru: Editorial Horizonte. [In press]
Greaves, T., R. Bolton, and F. Zapata, eds. 2010. Vicos and Beyond: A Half Century of Applying Anthropology in Peru. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
Greenberg, S. M., A. Strickon and R. T. Aubey, eds. 1979. Entrepreneurs in Cultural Context. Santa Fe, NM: School of Advanced Research.
Haugh, H.M. and Pardy, W. 1999. Community Entrepreneurship in North East Scotland, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research 5(4):163-172, https://doi.org/10.1108/13552559910293119
Johnstone, H. and D. Lionais. 2004. Depleted Communities and Community Business Entrepreneurship: Revaluing Space through Place, Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 16(3): 217-233. https://doi.org/10.1080/0898562042000197117
Lidow, D. 2018. Building on Bedrock. New York, NY: Diversion Books.
Long, N. 1979. Multiple Enterprise in the Central Highlands of Peru, In Entrepreneurs in Cultural Context. S. Greenfield, A. Strickon and R. Aubey, eds. Pp. 123-158. Santa Fe, NM: School of Advanced Research.
Martínez, H. n.d. El indígena y el mestizo de Taraco. In Comunidades y parcialidades puneñas: Antes de la reforma agrarian, Tomo III, Serie Etnografía Clásica en el Altiplano Peruano. R. Bolton, ed. Lima, Peru: Editorial Horizonte. [In press]
Mayer, E. 2009. Ugly Stories of the Peruvian Agrarian Reform. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822390718
Meisch, L. A. 2002. Andean Entrepreneurs: Otavalo Merchants and Musicians in the Global Arena. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Bolton et al. / Cheese in Chijnaya: Communal Entrepreneurship in Rural Peru
Murra, J. 1972. El control vertical de un máximo de pisos ecológicos en la economía de las sociedades Andinas. In Ortíz de Zuñiga, ed. Visita de la Provincia de León de Huánaco en 1562. Tomo 2. Huánaco, Peru: Universidad Hermilio Valdizán, 429-476.
Murra, J. 2017. Reciprocity and Redistribution in Andean Civilizations. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press/HAU.
Palmer, D. S., ed. 1992. The Shining Path of Peru: A Study of Sendero Luminoso. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
Peredo, A.M. and J. J. Chrisman. 2006. Toward a Theory of Communitybased Enterprise, Academy of Management Review 31(2):309-328. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.20208683
Peredo, A.M. and M. McLean. 2013. Indigenous Development and the Cultural Captivity of Entrepreneurship, Business & Society 52(4), pp.592-620. https://doi.org/10.1177/0007650309356201
Phillips, B. and R. Bolton. 2008. Happy Cows and Milk Production: The Economic Impact of a Micro-Loan Program in Chijnaya, Peru, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Applied Anthropology, 27 March, Memphis, Tennessee.
Schumpeter, J. A., 1947. The Creative Response in Economic History, The Journal of Economic History 7(2), pp.149-159. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050700054279
Shane, S. and S. Venkataraman. 2000. The Promise of Entrepreneurship as a Field of Research, Academy of Management Review 25(1), pp.217-226. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2000.2791611
Starn, O. and M. La Serna. 2019. The Shining Path: Love, Madness, and Revolution in the Andes. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company. Vilca, P., ed. 2019. Puno en el siglo XXI: Desarrollo, ambiente y comunidades. Lima, Peru: Asociación Servicios Educativos Rurales.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
