The Diversity of Solidarity Economies: A View from Danish Minority Gangs
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22439/jba.v12i1.6917Abstract
The term “solidarity economy” is most commonly deployed to describe altruistic and socially beneficial ways of doing business, often in opposition to ones that are less so. Drawing on a year and a half of ethnographic fieldwork among Danish minority gangs, this article seeks to open the discussion on solidarity economies beyond these traditional understandings by adding the perspective of gangs. It explores the more exclusive and violent aspects of solidarity economies, drawing on the analytical lenses of reciprocity and pooling. These dimensions afford the tracing of the conditions of solidarity within that group, rather than the mere verification of its absence or presence. I conclude that (A) solidarity economies are empirically multiple, operating on different and (a)synchronous planes as well as expressing themselves in different types; (B) solidarity is analytically beneficial for reading for economic difference; and lastly that (C) in this context, solidarity economies are inhabited as sites of struggle between two opposite, but specular forms of cultural fundamentalism.
References
Bakunin, M. (1950). Marxism, Freedom, and the State. Fordsburg: Zabalaza Books.
Banting, K. and Kymlicka, W. (2017). “Introduction: The Political Sources of Solidarity in Diverse Societies.” In K. Banting and W. Kymlicka (eds.), The Strains of Commitment: The Political Sources of Solidarity in Diverse Societies (pp. 1-58). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198795452.003.0001
Barth, F. (ed.) (1969). Ethnic Groups and Boundaries. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press.
Bittencourt Meira, F. (2014). “Liminal Organization: Organizational Emergence Within Solidary Economy in Brazil.” Organization 21(5): 713-29. DOI:10.1177/1350508414537621
Block, W. (2018). Defending the Undefendable. Auburn: Ludwig Von Mises Institute.
Bourdieu, P. (1986). “The Forms of Capital.” In: J. Richardson (ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241-258). New York: Greenwood.
Bourgois, P. (1995). In Search of Respect: Selling Crack in El Barrio. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bruun, M. H., Jakobsen G. S., and Krøijer, S. (2011). ”The Concern for Sociality-Practicing Equality and Hierarchy in Denmark.” Social Analysis 55(2): 1-19 https://doi.org/10.3167/sa.2011.550201.
Deuchar, R. (2009). Gangs: Marginalised Youth and Social Capital. Stoke-on-Trent: Trentham books.
Diprose, G. (2020). “Framing Essay: The Diversity of Transactions.” In K. Dombroski and K. Gibson (eds.), The Handbook of Diverse Economies (pp. 195-205). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788119962.00031
Durkheim, E. (1964). The Division of Labor in Society. Glencoe: The Free Press.
Dombroski, K. and Gibson, K. (eds.) (2020). The Handbook of Diverse Economies. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Fauré, B. and Gramaccia, G. (2006). “La pragmatique des chiffres dans les organisations: De l'acte de langage à l'acte de calcul.” Études de communication 29(1): 25-37. https://doi.org/10.4000/edc.346.
Fisher, M. (2017). “Foreword. Anthropology of versus Anthropology for Business: Exploring the Borders and Crossovers Between an Anthropology of Business and Anthropological Consultancy.” Journal of Business Anthropology 6(1): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.22439/jba.v6i1.5312
Gibson-Graham, J. K. (1996). “Queer(y)ing Capitalist Organization.” Organization 3(4): 541-545. https://doi.org/10.1177/135050849634011.
Gibson-Graham, J. K. (2020). “Reading for Economic Difference.” In K. Dombroski and K. Gibson (eds.), The Handbook of Diverse Economies (pp. 476-485). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788119962.00066
Gibson-Graham, J. K., Camero