Anthropology: An Entrepreneurial Discipline
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22439/jba.v14i1.7535Abstract
In this essay, I take stock of the existing entanglements and possible future symbiosis between anthropology and entrepreneurship, both as a field of research and as a practice of venture creation. While anthropologists have studied entrepreneurship as an economic phenomenon (anthropology of entrepreneurship) and have more modestly entered into direct conversation with this field (anthropology in entrepreneurship), I propose that there is an alternative way in which the discipline can make an impact and assert its value in the realm of new venture creation. To substantiate this proposition, I showcase how anthropologists and founders share affinities of practice. Specifically examining uncertainty, failure, and pivoting as fundamental to both how anthropological knowledge is generated and how venture creation unfolds, I argue that, seen in this way, anthropological practice and thinking can be understood as fundamental to business creation.
References
Akama, Y., Pink, S., and Sumartojo, S. (2018). Uncertainty and Possibility: New Approaches to Future Making in Design Anthropology. London: Bloomsbury.
Alvarez, S. A. and Barney, J. B. (2005). “How Do Entrepreneurs Organize Firms Under Conditions of Uncertainty?” Journal of Management 31(5): 776-793. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279486
Artz, M. (2023a). “The Future of Anthropology in Business: 4th Global Business Anthropology Summit Keynote.” Accessed on October 15, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGjR4B272iY
Artz, M. (2023b). “The Digital Turn in Business Anthropology.” Journal of Business Anthropology 12(1): 78-91. https://doi.org/10.22439/jba.v12i1.6919
Artz, M. and Koycheva, L. (2025). “Introduction.” In M. Artz and L. Koycheva (eds.), EmTech Anthropology: Careers at the Frontier (pp. 1-19). New York and Abingdon: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003458555-1
Artz, M. and Ren, Y. (2025). “Beyond the GenAI Gold Rush: Mapping Entrepreneurial Tensions in the Age of Generative Artificial Intelligence.” Annals of Anthropological Practice 49(1): e70016. https://doi.org/10.1111/napa.70016
Basso, K. H. (1996). Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language among the Western Apache. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
Briody, E. K. and Stewart, A. (2019). “Entrepreneurship: A Challenging, Fruitful Domain for Ethnography.” Journal of Business Anthropology 8(2): 141-166. https://doi.org/10.22439/jba.v8i2.5846
Cefkin, M. (ed.). (2009). Ethnography and the Corporate Encounter: Reflections on Research in and of Corporations. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.3167/9781845455989
Davidsson, P. (2017). “Musings on the Prospects of Entrepreneurial Ethnography.” Proceedings of the Princeton Kauffman Conference 2017: 1-12.
Dew, N., Sarasathy, S., Read, S., and Wiltbank, R. (2009). “Affordable Loss: Behavioral Economic Aspects of the Plunge Decision.” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal 3(2): 105-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/sej.66
Dourish, P. and Bell, G. (2011). Divining a Digital Future: Mess and Mythology in Ubiquitous Computing. Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262015554.001.0001
Ferraro, G. P. and Briody, E. K. (2017). The Cultural Dimension of Global Business. London and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315411019
Fomina, V. (2020). “’How to Earn a Million in the Glory of God?’: Ethics and Spirituality among Orthodox Entrepreneurs in Contemporary Russia.” Anthropological Quarterly 93(2): 27-55. https://doi.org/10.1353/anq.2020.0025
Fotta, M., Ivancheva, M, and Pernes, R. (2020). The Anthropological Career in Europe: A Complete Report on the EASA Membership Survey. European Association of Social Anthropologists. https://doi.org/10.22582/easaprecanthro
Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books.
Greenhouse, C. (ed.) (2002). Ethnography in Unstable Places: Everyday Lives in Contexts of Dramatic Political Change. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822383482
Grimes, M. G. (2018). “The Pivot: How Founders Respond to Feedback Through Idea and Identity Work.” Academy of Management Journal 61(5): 1692-1717. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.0823
Hasbrouck, J. (2018). Ethnographic Thinking: From Method to Mindset. New York and London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203712290
Hemment, J. (2015). Youth Politics in Putin’s Russia: Producing Patriots and Entrepreneurs. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. https://doi.org/10.2979/7246.0
Holtz-Eakin, D. (2000). “Public Policy Toward Entrepreneurship.” Small Business Economics 15: 283-291. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1011153921409
Howe, C. and Takaragawa, S. (2017, July 27). “Failure.” Cultural Anthropology. Retrieved from: https://www.culanth.org/fieldsights/failure
Ingold, T. (2021). “In Praise of Amateurs.” Ethnos 86(1): 153-172. https://doi.org/10.1080/00141844.2020.1830824
Irani, L. (2019). Chasing Innovation. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Koellner, T. (2022). “Family Firms and Business Families: A Field for Anthropological Research.” Anthropology Today 38(6): 8-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8322.12768
Koycheva, L. (2020). “Empathy, More or Less: Scaling Intermediary Experiences of Emotion and Affect in Innovation.” Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings 2020(1): 243-262. https://doi.org/10.1111/epic.12033
Koycheva, L. (2022). “Of Sciences and Startups: An Anthropological Perspective on Academic Venturing.” In E. Liebow and J. C. McKenna (eds.), Anthropology and Entrepreneurship (pp. 25-36). Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association.
Koycheva, L. (in progress). Entrepreneurial Anthropology: Essays on Retooling and Repurposing a Discipline.
Koycheva, L. and VandenBroek, A. (2024). “Sandbox Innovation: Potentials and Impacts.” Practicing Anthropology 46(1): 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/08884552.2024.2307293
Kulick, D. (2006). “Theory in Furs: Masochist Anthropology.” Current Anthropology 47(6): 933-952. https://doi.org/10.1086/507198
Lidow, D. (2017). “An Urgent Need for More Ethnographic Study of Business Creation.” Journal of Business Anthropology 6(2): 127-132. https://doi.org/10.22439/jba.v6i2.5425
Liebow, E. and McKenna, J. C. (eds.) (2022). Anthropology and Entrepreneurship. Arlington, VA: American Anthropological Association.
Liebow, E. and Sunderland, P. (2023). “Anthropology and Entrepreneurship Research: Introduction to the Themed Essays.” Journal of Business Anthropology 12(2): 108-113. https://doi.org/10.22439/jba.v12i2.7059
Lindtner, S. M. (2020). Prototype Nation: China and the Contested Promise of Innovation. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. https://doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691207674.001.0001
Loher, D. and Strasser, S. (2019). “Politics of Precarity: Neoliberal Academia Under Austerity Measures and Authoritarian Threat.” Social Anthropology 27(S2): 5-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-8676.12697
Malefyt, T. d. W. and Moeran, B. (eds.). (2020). Advertising Cultures. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003084389
Malefyt, T. d. W. and Morais, R. J. (2020). Advertising and Anthropology: Ethnographic Practice and Cultural Perspectives. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003084372
Marshall, H. J. (2018). “’Once You Support, You Are Supported’: Entrepreneurship and Reintegration among Ex‐Prisoners in Gulu, Northern Uganda.” Economic Anthropology 5(1): 71-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/sea2.12103
Maskens, M. and Blanes, R. (2013). “Don Quixote’s Choice: A Manifesto for a Romanticist Anthropology.” HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory 3(3): 245-281. https://doi.org/10.14318/hau3.3.011
McMullen, J. S. and Shepherd, D. A. (2006). “Entrepreneurial Action and the Role of Uncertainty in the Theory of the Entrepreneur.” Academy of Management Review 31(1): 132-152. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2006.19379628
Nader, L. (2018). Contrarian Anthropology: The Unwritten Rules of Academia. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781785337079
Pfeilstetter, R. (2022). The Anthropology of Entrepreneurship: Cultural History, Global Ethnographies, Theorizing Agency. London and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367824136
Pozen, D. E. (2008). “We Are All Entrepreneurs Now.” Wake Forest Law Review 43: 283.
Rabinow, P. and Stavrianakis, A. (2019). Demands of the Day: On the Logic of Anthropological Inquiry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Rees, T. (2016). Plastic Reason: An Anthropology of Brain Science in Embryogenetic Terms. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520288126.001.0001
Rutherford, D. (2012). “Kinky Empiricism.” Cultural Anthropology 27(3): 465-479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1360.2012.01154.x
Samimian-Darash, L. and Rabinow, P. (eds.). (2015). Modes of Uncertainty: Anthropological Cases. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226257242.001.0001
Sarasvathy, S. D. (2001). “Causation and Effectuation: Toward a Theoretical Shift from Economic Inevitability to Entrepreneurial Contingency.” Academy of Management Review 26(2): 243-263. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4378020
Sarasvathy, S. D., Dew, N., and Venkataraman, S. (eds.) (2020). Shaping Entrepreneurship Research: Made, as well as Found. London and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315161921
Scheper-Hughes, N. (1995). “The Primacy of the Ethical: Propositions for a Militant Anthropology.” Current Anthropology 36(3): 409-440. https://doi.org/10.1086/204378
Schumpeter, J. A. (1975 [1942]). Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper.
Schwartzman, H. B. (1993). Ethnography in Organizations. California, London, and New Delhi: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412984119
Shepherd, D. A. and Patzelt, H. (2018). Entrepreneurial Cognition: Exploring the Mindset of Entrepreneurs. Switzerland: Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-71782-1
Shepherd, D. A., Wiklund, J., and Haynie, J. M. (2009). “Moving Forward: Balancing the Financial and Emotional Costs of Business Failure.” Journal of Business Venturing 24(2): 134-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2007.10.002
Simon, H. A. (2019). The Sciences of the Artificial (reissue of the third edition with a new introduction by John E. Laird). Cambridge, MA and London: The MIT Press.
Smith, R. and McElwee, G. (2011). “After the Fall: Developing a Conceptual Script‐Based Model of Shame in Narratives of Entrepreneurs in Crisis!” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 31(1/2): 91-109. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443331111104823
Soley, L. C. (1995). Leasing the Ivory Tower: The Corporate Takeover of Academia. Boston, MA: South End Press.
Stewart, A. (1992). “A Prospectus on the Anthropology of Entrepreneurship.” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 16(2): 71-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/104225879201600206
Stewart, A. (2014). “Too Rare to be a Token: An Anthropologist in a Management Department.” Journal of Business Anthropology 3(2): 140-158. https://doi.org/10.22439/jba.v3i2.4703
Sunderland, P. L. and Denny, R. M. (2016). Doing Anthropology in Consumer Research. London and New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315430171
Taylor. E. (2020). “Imposter Ethnographer: The Value of Feeling Like an Outsider.” Accessed in June 2025. https://www.epicpeople.org/imposter-ethnographer/
Townsend, D. M., Hunt, R. A., McMullen, J. S., and Sarasvathy, S. D. (2018). “Uncertainty, Knowledge Problems, and Entrepreneurial Action.” Academy of Management Annals 12(2): 659-687. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0109
VandenBroek, A. K. (2021). Disrupting SthlmTech: An Anthropological Guide to Stockholm’s Innovation Ecosystem. PhD dissertation, State University of New York, Binghamton.
VandenBroek, A. K. (2022). “Like Clockwork: Experts and Expertise in Stockholm’s Startup and Innovation Ecosystem.” Journal of Business Anthropology 11(2): 168-194. https://doi.org/10.22439/jba.v11i2.6780
Vertovec, J. (2020). “’No trabajaré pa'ellos’: Entrepreneurship as a Form of State Resistance in Havana, Cuba.” Economic Anthropology 8(1): 148-160. https://doi.org/10.1002/sea2.12191
Verver, M. and Koning, J. (2024). An Anthropological Perspective on Contextualizing Entrepreneurship.” Small Business Economics 62: 649-665. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-023-00774-2
Vigh, H. (2009). “Motion Squared: A Second Look at the Concept of Social Navigation.” Anthropological Theory 9(4): 419-438. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499609356044
Vogel, M. and Gamwell, A. (2020, July 15). “Articulating Anthropology’s Value to Business.” Anthropology News. Accessed on October 11, 2023.
Wade, M. (2022). “Africa, Capitalism, Communism, and the Future of Humanity.” Lex Fridman Podcast. Accessed on October 15, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q6tDV3BhrcM
Whitehead, N. L. (2002). Dark Shamans: Kanaimā and the Poetics of Violent Death. Durham and London: Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822384304
Wolcott, H. F. (2005). The Art of Fieldwork. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
Wong, B. (1998). Ethnicity and Entrepreneurship: The New Chinese Immigrants in the San Francisco Bay Area. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Yurchak, A. (2003). “Russian Neoliberal: The Entrepreneurial Ethic and the Spirit of ‘True Careerism’.” The Russian Review 62(1): 72-90. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9434.00264
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Lora Koycheva

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
