The Future Perfect of Suspicion and Prediction as a Dispositive of Security Today? The Legacy of Foucault (1977)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22439/fs.i36.7236Nøgleord:
dispositif, security, surveillance, catastrophic future, algorithmic prediction, preventive punishmentResumé
This article discusses the current legacy of Michel Foucault in relation to the current political situation. It is articulated in three parts. The first insists on the fact that Michel Foucault has been and still is significant for discussions concerning political sciences and international relations by the way he has discussed them and by his own academic politics. The second part highlights the key role of his attempt to define a dispositif of security in the 1977-78 lecture course ‘Security, Territory, Population’ and the various interpretations given after his death. The third part introduces my own research on the subject and its development. Twenty years ago, I called this dispositif of security surveillance a ban-opticon dispositif. This is only partly relevant since the violence of the effects on individuals has been intensified by a multifocal construction of "suspects" by various transnational guilds of security professionals who systematise profiling and weak correlations as an alternative method of seeking the truth about causalities and facts attributed to an individual. Because of this systematicity of "suspicion first", which jeopardises the principle of innocence, I call this dispositif of security a transnational dispositif of suspicion-prediction, which is organised both as a rearticulation of the modern episteme with suspicion back at its core and as a "legitimate" one, thus allowing a "preventive" violence to be re-enacted in the name of scientific predictions of a future so deadly that it is necessary to act violently now in order to prevent even more violence. This question of inverted temporality, in which the imagined future dominates the present, leads to the belief that the future can already be known under a grammar of the future perfect. Combined with the strategic orientation of right-wing parties to abandon the celebration of the past in order to mobilise the fear of apocalyptic futures, this characteristic of the ‘future-perfect’ explains a series of contemporary developments in security and surveillance, reframing the attachment of the population to a new form of conservatism that captures the imagination of the future, including some contemporary discourses of war. Resisting this attraction to the future-perfect is possible by reinventing hope.
Referencer
Abrahamsen, Rita, and Anna Leander, eds., Routledge Handbook of Private Security Studies. London: Routledge, 2015. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315850986
Agamben, Giorgio, Qu'est-ce qu'un Dispositif. Paris: Rivages, 2014.
Appadurai, Arjun, "Deep Democracy: Urban Governmentality and the Horizon of Politics," Environment and Urbanization 13:2 (2001), 23-43. https://doi.org/10.1177/095624780101300203
Andrejevic, Mark, and Kelly Gates, "Big data surveillance: Introduction," Surveillance & Society 12:2 (2014), 185-196. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v12i2.5242
Aradau, Claudia, and Tobias Blanke, "Politics of prediction: Security and the time/space of governmentality in the age of big data," European Journal of Social Theory 20:3 (2017), 373-391. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368431016667623
Balzacq, Thierry, Tugba Basaran, Didier Bigo, Emmanuel-Pierre Guittet, and Christian Olsson, "Security Practices," in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies, ed. Renee Marlin-Bennett. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.475
Basilien-Gainche, Marie-Laure, "Leave and Let Die: The EU Banopticon Approach to Mi-grants at Sea," in Boat Refugees and Migrants at Sea: A Comprehensive Approach, ed. Vio-leta Moreno-Lax and Efthymios Papastavridis, 327-52. Leiden: Brill, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004300750_015
Basaran, Tugba, D. Bigo, E.-P. Guittet, and R.B.J. Walker, International Political Sociology: Transversal Lines. London: Routledge, 2016. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315693293
Bartelson, Jens, The Critique of the State. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
Benbouzid, Bilel, "Des Crimes et Des Séismes: La Police Prédictive Entre Science, Tech-nique et Divination," Réseaux 6 (2017), 95-123. https://doi.org/10.3917/res.206.0095
Benbouzid, Bilel, and Dominique Cardon, "Machines à prédire," Réseaux 211:5 (2018), 9-33. https://doi.org/10.3917/res.211.0009
Bigo, Didier, "The Möbius Ribbon: internal and external, in securities," in Identity, Borders & Orders. Rethinking International Relations Theory, ed. Mathias Albert, David Jacobson and Yosef Lapid, 91-116. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2001.
Bigo, Didier, "Security and Immigration: Toward a Critique of the Governmentality of Unease," Alternatives 27:1 (2002), 63-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/03043754020270s105.
Bigo, Didier, "La mondialisation de l'insécurité ? Réflexions sur le champ des profession-nels de la gestion des inquiétudes et analytique de la transnationalisation des processus d'insécurisation, " Cultures & Conflits 58 (2005), 53-101. https://doi.org/10.4000/conflits.1813
Bigo, Didier, "Security, exception, ban and surveillance," in Theorizing Surveillance, ed. David Lyon, 46-68. London: Willan Publishing ,2006.
Bigo, Didier, "De l'état d'exception," NAQD 24 (2007), 103-128. https://doi.org/10.3917/naqd.024.0103 https://doi.org/10.3917/naqd.024.0103
Bigo, Didier, "Detention of Foreigner, States of Exception, and the Social Practices of Con-trol of the Banopticon," in Borderscapes, ed. Prem Kuram Rajaram, 57-101. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.
Bigo, Didier, "Globalized, insecurity: the field and the ban-opticon," in Terror, Insecurity and Liberty, ed. D. Bigo and A. Tsoukala, 20-58. London: Routledge, 2008. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203926765-7
Bigo, Didier, "The Transnational Field of Computerised Exchange of Information in Police Matters and Its European Guilds," in Transnational Power Elites: The New Professionals of Governance, Law and Security, ed. Niilo Kauppi and Mikael Rask Madsen, 155-182. London: Routledge, 2013.
Bigo, Didier, "Security: A Field Left Fallow," in Foucault on Politics, Security and War, ed. Dillon-Neal. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230229846_5
Bigo, Didier, "La Sécurité en Jachère," in Cahier Foucault, ed. Philippe Artières, Jean-François Bert, Frédéric Gros and Judith Revel, 326-334. Paris: Éditions de l'Herne, 2011.
Bigo, Didier, "The (in)Securitization Practices of the Three Universes of EU Border Con-trol: Military/Navy - Border Guards/Police - Database Analysts," Security Dialogue 45:3 (2014), 209-225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010614530459.
Bigo, Didier. Terrorisme, Guerre, Sécurité Intérieure, Sécurité Extérieure. Editions universi-taires européennes, 2016.
Bigo, Didier, "Sociology of Transnational Guilds," International Political Sociology 10:4 (2016), 398-416. https://doi.org/10.1093/ips/olw022
Bigo, Didier, "Michel Foucault and International Relations: Cannibal Relations," in Fou-cault and the Modern International: Silences and Legacies for the Study of World Politics, ed. Philippe Bonditti, Didier Bigo and Frédéric Gros, 33-55. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56153-4_3
Bigo, Didier, and Stefan Salomon, "Passengers Name Records and Security," VerfBlog. https://verfassungsblog.de/pnr-security/ (accessed April 27, 2024)
Bigo, Didier, Elspeth Guild, and Elif Mendos Kuskonmaz, "Obedience in times of COVID-19 pandemics: a renewed governmentality of unease?," Global Discourse 11:3 (2021), 471-489. https://doi.org/10.1332/204378921X16158113910675
Bigo, Didier, "Transformations of the transnational field of secret services," in Intelligence Oversight in Times of Transnational Impunity, ed. Didier Bigo, Emma McCluskey and Fé-lix Tréguer, 70-97. London: Routledge, 2024. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003354130-3
Brion, Fabienne, "Cellules Avec Vue Sur La Démocratie?," Cultures & Conflits 95:96 (2014), 135-201. https://doi.org/10.4000/conflits.18906
Bonditti, Philippe, "Violence and the Modern International: An Archaeology of Terror-ism," in Foucault and the Modern International, ed. Philippe Bonditti, Didier Bigo, and Frédéric Gros, 155-173. New York City: Springer, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56153-4_9
Bonelli, Laurent, La France a peur : une histoire sociale de l'insécurité. Paris: Editions La Dé-couverte, 2010. https://doi.org/10.3917/dec.bonel.2010.02
Callewaert, Staf, "Bourdieu, Critic of Foucault: The Case of Empirical Social Science against Double-Game-Philosophy," Theory, Culture & Society 23:6 (2006), 73-98. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276406069776
C.A.S.E., "Collective Critical Approaches to Security in Europe: A Networked Manifesto," Security Dialogue 37:4 (2006), 443-87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010606073085
Carlier Jean-Yves, and Marie-Claire Foblets, "Law and Migration in a Changing World: General Report," in Law and Migration in a Changing World, ed. Marie-Claire Foblets and Jean-Yves Carlier, 1-97. New York City: Springer, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99508-3_1
Casas-Cortes M, S. Cobarrubias, N. De Genova, G. Garelli, G. Grappi, C. Heller, and M. Tazzioli, "New keywords: Migration and borders," Cultural Studies 29:1 (2015), 55-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/09502386.2014.891630
Paroles-musique.com, "Traduction Le temps des cerises en Anglais," https://www.paroles-musique.com/traduction-en-Renaud-Le-temps-des-cerises-lyrics,t675074
Corteel, Mathieu, "Prospecter et Punir: Étude Critique Des Logiciels Blue Crush et Pred-Pol," Encyclo: Revue de l'école Doctorale ED 382 (2015). https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01479923
Côté-Boucher, Karine, Border Frictions: Gender, Generation and Technology on the Frontline. London: Routledge, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429027680
Congress, U. S., Congressional Record, V. 149, PT. 2, January 21, 2003 to February 11, 2003. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 2006. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRECB-2003-pt2/html/CRECB-2003-pt2-issue-2003-01-21.htm
Crooks, Gavin E., "Quantum Operation Time Reversal," Physical Review A 77:3 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.77.034101
Dal Lago, A., and S. Palidda, eds., Conflict, Security and the Reshaping of Society: The Civili-zation of War. London: Routledge, 2010. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203846315
De Genova, Nicholas P., "Migrant illegality and deportability in everyday life," Annual Review of Anthropology 31:1 (2002), 419-447. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085432
Deleule, Didier, and Francesco Paolo Adorno, "L'hétitage intellectuel de Foucault," Cités 2 (2000), 99-108. http://www.jstor.org/stable/40620636
Deleuze, Gilles, Foucault, trans. Seán Hand. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.
Deleuze, Gilles, "Post-Scriptum Sur Les Sociétés de Contrôle," L'Autre Journal 1 (1990), xxx- xxx.
Delmas-Marty, Mireille, Libertés et Sûretés Dans Un Monde Dangereux. Paris: Le Seuil, 2010.
Delmas-Marty, Mireille, Pour Un Droit Commun. Paris: Le Seuil, 2016.
Desrosières, Alain, The Politics of Large Numbers. Harvard: Harvard University Press, 1998.
Dershowitz, Alan M., Preemption: A Knife that Cuts Both Ways Reprint. New York City: WW Norton & Co, 2007.
Dick, Philip K., Minority Report: Volume Four of The Collected Stories. London: Hachette UK, 2014.
Dillon, Michael, and Andrew W. Neal, eds., Foucault on Politics, Security and War. Basing-stoke England; New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230229846
Dillon, Michael, and Luis Lobo-Guerrero, "Biopolitics of Security in the 21st Century," Review of International Studies 34:2 (2008), 265-292. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210508008024
Donzelot, Jacques, and Gilles Deleuze, La Police Des Familles'. Editions de minuit, Paris, 1977.
Eklundh, Emmy, Andreja Zevnik, and Emmanuel-Pierre Guittet. Politics of Anxiety. Row-man & Littlefield, 2017.
Eribon, Didier, Michel Foucault. Paris: Flammarion, 2018. https://doi.org/10.14375/NP.9782081436206
Ewald, François, L'Etat Providence. Paris: Grasset, 2014.
Finn, Ed, "The Black Box of the Present: Time in the Age of algorithms," Social Research: An International Quarterly 86:2 (2019), 557-579. https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2019.0027
Florence, Maurice, "Pseudo de Michel Foucault," in Dictionnaire des Philosophes, ed. Denis Huisman, 942-44. Paris : PUF, 1984.
Foucault, Michel, "La Phobie d'etat," Libération 30:31 (1984), 967.
Foucault, Michel, Dits et Écrits, 1954-1988, Tome I: 1954-1969. Gallimard, 1994. https://doi.org/10.14375/NP.9782070738441
Foucault, Michel, Fabienne Brion, and Bernard E. Harcourt. Mal Faire, Dire Vrai: Fonction de l'aveu En Justice-Cours de Louvain, 1981. Presses univ. de Louvain, 2012.
Foucault, Michel, Society Must Be Defended: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1975-76. New York: The New York Press, 1997.
Foucault, Michel, Sécurité, Territoire, Population. Paris: Hautes études / Gallimard / Seuil, 2004.
Gandy, Oscar H. Jr., "Statistical surveillance," in Routledge Handbook of Surveillance Stud-ies, ed. Kirstie Ball, Kevin Haggerty and David Lyon, 125-132. London: Routledge, 2012.
Giddens, Anthony, Modernity and Self-Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Redwood City, CA: Stanford University Press, 1991.
Gil, Marie, "Foucault invente l'histoire littéraire, " Fabula-LhT 0 (2005). https://doi.org/10.58282/lht.552
Gilbert, Jeremy, and Andrew Goffey, "Control societies: Notes for an introduction," New Formations 84-85 (2015), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.3898/NEWF:84/85.INTRODUCTION.2015
Gros, Frédéricl, Etats de violence : Essai sur la fin de la guerre. Paris: Editions Gallimard, 2006.
Gros, Frédéric, Le Principe Sécurité. Paris: Éditions Gallimard, 2012.
Gros, Frédéric, Michel Foucault Que Sais-Je?. Paris: PUF/Humensis, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3917/puf.grosf.2017.01
Guild, Elspeth, "The variable subject of the EU constitution, civil liberties and human rights," European Journal of Migration & Law 6:4 (2004), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.1163/1571816044088809
Guild, Elspeth, and Didier Bigo, Controlling Frontiers: Free Movement into and within Europe. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2005.
Guild, Elspeth, and Didier Bigo, "The Worst-Case Scenario and the Man on the Clapham Omnibus," in Security and Human Rights, ed. Benjamin J. Goold and Liora Lazarus, 99-121. London: Bloomsbury, 2007.
Guild, Elspeth, Didier Bigo, Sergio Carrera, and R. B. J. Walker, ed., Europe's 21st Century Challenge: Delivering Liberty. London: Routledge, 2013.
Guild, Elspeth, Didier Bigo, and Mark Gibney, Extraordinary Rendition: Addressing the Challenges of Accountability. London: Routledge, 2018. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351172882
Guild, Elspeth and Valsamis Mitsilegas, eds., Immigration and Asylum Law and Policy in Europe. Leiden: Brill, 2022.
Hacking, Ian, The Taming of Chance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511819766
Haggerty, Kevin D., and Richard V. Ericson, "The surveillant assemblage," in Surveillance, Crime and Social Control, ed. Dean Wilson and Clive Norris, 61-78. London: Routledge, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315242002-5
Harris, Shane, The Watchers: The Rise of America's Surveillance State. Reprint edition. New York: Penguin Books, 2011.
Henman, Paul, "Governing by algorithms and algorithmic governmentality," in The Algo-rithmic Society: Technology, Power, and Knowledge, ed. Marc Schuilenburg and Rik Pee-ters, 19-34. London: Routledge, 2020. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429261404-3
Hermant, Daniel, and Didier Bigo, "La métamorphose des conflits," Etudes polémologiques 50:2 (1988).
Hibou, Béatrice, The Bureaucratization of the World in the Neoliberal Era: An International and Comparative Perspective. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137495280
Huysmans, Jef, The Politics of Insecurity: Fear, Migration and Asylum in the EU. London: Routledge, 2006. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203008690
Ignatieff, Michael, The Lesser Evil: Political Ethics in an Age of Terror. Princeton, US: Prince-ton University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt5hhp0h
Jabri, Vivienne. The Postcolonial Subject: Claiming Politics/Governing Others in Late Moderni-ty. London: Routledge, 2012. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203112250
Lascoumes, Pierre, "Governmentality, from the Critique of the State to the Technologies of Power," Le Portique 13-14 (2004). https://doi.org/10.4000/leportique.625
Laborier, Pascale, and Pierre Lascoumes, "L'action Publique Comprise Comme Gouver-nementalisation de l'État'," in Travailler Avec Foucault. Retours Sur Le Politique, ed. Syl-vain Meyet, Thomas Ribémont and Marie-Cécile Naves, 37-60. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005.
Leander, Anna, "The Privatization of International Security," in The Routledge Handbook of Security Studies, ed. Myriam Dunn Cavelty and Thierry Balzacq, 216-226. London: Routledge, 2009.
Lebow, Richard Ned, and Benoît Pelopidas, "Facing Nuclear War: Luck, Learning, and the Cuban Missile Crisis," in The Oxford Handbook of History and International Relations, ed. Mlada Bukovansky et al., 705-720. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198873457.013.47
Mau, Steffen, Heike Brabandt, Lena Laube and Christof Roos, Liberal States and the Free-dom of Movement: Selective Borders, Unequal Mobility. New York City: Springer, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137016751
Mbembe, Achille, "Necropolitics," in Foucault in an Age of Terror: Essays on Biopolitics and the Defence of Society, 152-82. New York City: Springer, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230584334_9
Mc Cluskey, Emma, From Righteousness to Far Right: An Anthropological Rethinking of Criti-cal Security Studies. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780773558137
Mezzadra, Sandro, "En Voyage. Michel Foucault et La Critique Postcoloniale," in Cahier Foucault, ed. Philippe Artières, Jean-François Bert, Frédéric Gros and Judith Revel, 352-57. Paris: Éditions de l'Herne, 2011.
Mitzen, Jennifer, "Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma," European Journal of International Relations 12:3 (2006), 341-70. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066106067346
Pelopidas, Benoît. Repenser Les Choix Nucléaires. Presses de Sciences Po, 2022.
Rajaram, Prem Kumar, and Carl Grundy-Warr, eds. Borderscapes: Hidden Geographies and Politics at Territory's Edge. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2007.
Remy, Marine, and Philippe Coppens, "'Les notions de discipline', Michel Foucault et con-trôle', Gilles Deleuze, itinéraire d'une analyse au travers de leurs représentations dans le système juridique belge et de la théorie du Nudge," Thesis, Université Catholique de Louvain, 2023.
Rouvroy, Antoinette, and Thomas Berns, "Gouvernementalité algorithmique et perspec-tives d'émancipation, " Réseaux 177:1 (2013), 163-196. https://doi.org/10.3917/res.177.0163
Said, Edward W., "Michel Foucault as an Intellectual Imagination," Boundary 2 1:1 (1972), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.2307/302044
Sheehey, Bonnie, "Algorithmic paranoia: The temporal governmentality of predictive po-licing," Ethics and Information Technology 21:1 (2019), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-018-9489-x
Snowden, Edward, Permanent Record: A Memoir of a Reluctant Whistleblower,2019.
Stoler, Ann Laura, Race and the education of desire: Foucault's history of sexuality and the co-lonial order of things. Duke University Press, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822377719
Stumpf, Juliet, "The Process Is the Punishment in Crimmigration Law," in The Borders of Punishment: Migration, Citizenship, and Social Exclusion, ed. Katja Franko Aas and Mary Bosworth. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199669394.003.0004
Susskind, Jamie Future Politics: Living Together in a World Transformed by Tech. Oxford: Ox-ford University Press, 2018.
Tsoukala, Anastassia, "Democracy against security: the debates about counterterrorism in the European Parliament, September 2001-June 2003," Alternatives 29:4 (2004), 417-439. https://doi.org/10.1177/030437540402900403
Veyne, Paul. Comment on écrit l'Histoire: Foucault révolutionne l'Histoire. Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1971.
Veyne, Paul. Foucault: Sa Pensée, Sa Personne. Paris: Éditions Albin Michel.
Vogel, Kathleen M., Gwendolynne Reid, Christopher Kampe, and Paul Jones, "The Im-pact of AI on Intelligence Analysis: Tackling Issues of Collaboration, Algorithmic Transparency, Accountability, and Management," Intelligence and National Security 0:0 (2021), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/02684527.2021.1946952
Wacquant, Loïc, Foucault, Bourdieu et l'État Pénal à l'ère Néo-Libérale' in Zamora D., Cri-tiquer Foucault, Les Années, 1980, 115.
Walker, Rob B.J. Inside/Outside: International Relations as Political Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511559150
Whitaker, Roger, "A Faustian Bargain? America and the Dream of Total Information Awareness," in The New Politics of Surveillance and Visibility, ed. Kevin Haggerty and Richard Ericson, 141-70. Toronto: University of Toronto, 2006. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781442681880-007
Yu, C. H. F. Gao, Q. L. Wang and Q. Y. Wen, "Quantum algorithm for association rules mining," Physical Review A 94:4 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.94.042311
Zedner, Lucia, "The Pursuit of Security," in Crime, Risk and Insecurity, ed. Tim Hope and Richard Sparks, 200-214. London: Routledge, 2012.
Zoungrana, Jean. Michel Foucault. Un Parcours Croisé: Lévi-Strauss, Heidegger. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1999.
Downloads
Publiceret
Citation/Eksport
Nummer
Sektion
Licens
Copyright (c) 2024 The Author(s)
Dette værk er under følgende licens Creative Commons Navngivelse – Ikke-kommerciel – Ingen Bearbejdede Værker (by-nc-nd).
Authors retain copyright to their work, but assign the right of the first publication to Foucault Studies. The work is subject to a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, but despite these restrictions, authors can take for granted that Foucault Studies will permit articles published in Foucault Studies to be translated or reprinted in another format such as a book providing a full reference is made to Foucault Studies as the original place of publication.
