Discipline and Power in the Digital Age. Critical Reflections from Foucault’s Thought
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22439/fs.i36.7215Nøgleord:
Foucault, disciplinary power, digital surveillance, behavioral microtargeting, digital societyResumé
In the ever-evolving landscape of the digital age, the theories posited by Michel Foucault four decades ago provide an insightful lens through which to view our contemporary technological society. This article underscores the shift from modern reference disciplines, such as biology, political economy, and linguistics, to the emergent domains of cognitive and computer sciences. By exploring the personalization of online user experiences via data collection and behavioral microtargeting, the study highlights the nuances of modern surveillance. This new era of monitoring bears a resemblance to Foucault’s concept of disciplinary power, marked by its subtle yet omnipresent control. In a world where digital oversight by governments and corporations is increasingly prominent, the relevance of Foucault’s ideas becomes significant for deciphering and traversing the intricate landscapes of power and surveillance in the digital age.
Referencer
Agamben, Giorgio, "What is an Apparatus?" [2006], in "What is an Apparatus?" and Other Essays, 1-24. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2009.
Aid, Matthew, The Secret Sentry: The Untold History of the National Security Agency. London and New York: Bloomsbury, 2009.
Alphin, Caroline, and François Debrix, "Biopolitics in the 'Psychic Realm': Han, Foucault, and Neoliberal Psychopolitics," Philosophy & Social Criticism 49:4 (2023), 477-491. https://doi.org/10.1177/01914537211033011
Au, Yung, "Surveillance from the Third Millennium," Surveillance and Society 19:4 (2021), 425-440. https://doi.org/10.24908/ss.v19i4.15121
Bromwich, Jonah Engel, Mike Isaac, and Daniel Victor, "Police Use Surveillance Tool to Scan Social Media, A.C.L.U. Says," The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/12/technology/aclu-facebook-twitter-instagram-geofeedia.html (accessed September 1, 2023).
Chen, Tsung-Yi, Meng-Che Tsai, and Yuh-Min Chen, "A User's Personality Prediction Ap-proach by Mining Network Interaction Behaviors on Facebook," Online Information Review 40:7 (2016), 913-937. https://doi.org/10.1108/OIR-08-2015-0267
Degli Atti, Cosimo, Soggetto e verità. Michel Foucault e l'etica della cura di sé. Milano and Udine: Mimesis, 2011.
Deleuze, Gilles, Foucault [1986]. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1988.
Deleuze, Gilles, "What Is a Dispositif?" [1989], in Two Regimes of Madness. Texts and Inter-views 1975-1995, 338-348. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007.
Deleuze, Gilles, "Postscript on the Societies of Control" [1990], October 59 (1992), 3-7.
Domscheit-Berg, Daniel, Inside WikiLeaks: My Time with Julian Assange at the World's Most Dangerous Website. New York: Random House, 2011.
Dotzler, Bernhard J. and Henning Schmidgen, Foucault, Digital. Lüneburg: Meson Press, 2022.
Fang, Lee, "The CIA Is Investing in Firms That Mine Your Tweets and Instagram Photos," The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2016/04/14/in-undisclosed-cia-investments-social-media-mining-looms-large/ (accessed September 1, 2023).
Ferraris, Maurizio, Documanità. Filosofia del mondo nuovo. Roma and Bari: Laterza, 2021.
Floridi, Luciano, ed., The Onlife Manifesto: Being Human in a Hyperconnected Era. Heidelberg, New York, Dordrecht and London: Springer, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04093-6
Foucault, Michel, The Order of Things. An Archaeology of the Human Sciences [1966], trans. Alan Sheridan. London and New York: Routledge, 2002.
Foucault, Michel, Archeology of Knowledge [1969], trans. Alan Sheridan. London: Routledge, 2002.
Foucault, Michel, Discipline and Punish. The Birth of the Prison [1975], trans. Alan Sheridan. New York: Random House, 1995.
Foucault, Michel, The History of Sexuality 1: An Introduction [1976], trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Pantheon, 1978.
Foucault, Michel, "The Confession of the Flesh" [1977], in Power/Knowledge: Selected Inter-views and Other Writings 1972-1977, trans. Colin Gordon, Leo Marshall, John Mepham and Kate Soper, ed. Colin Gordon, 194-228. New York: Pantheon, 1980.
Foucault, Michel, The Government of Self and Others. Lectures at the Collège de France 1982-1983 [2008], trans. Graham Burchell, ed. Arnold I. Davidson. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010.
Foucault, Michel, Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1977-78 [2004], trans. Graham Burchell, ed. Arnold I. Davidson. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007.
Frost, Tom, "The Dispositif Between Foucault and Agamben," Law, Culture and the Human-ities 15:1 (2019), 151-171. https://doi.org/10.1177/1743872115571697
Gellman, Barton, and Laura Poitras, "British Intelligence Mining Data from Nine U.S. In-ternet Companies in Broad Secret Program," The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/us-intelligence-mining-data-from-nine-us-internet-companies-in-broad-secret-program/2013/06/06/3a0c0da8-cebf-11e2-8845-d970ccb04497_story.html (accessed September 1, 2023).
Gellman, Barton, and Ashkan Soltani, "NSA Infiltrates Links to Yahoo, Google Data Cen-ters Worldwide, Snowden Documents Say," The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/nsa-infiltrates-links-to-yahoo-google-data-centers-worldwide-snowden-documents-say/2013/10/30/e51d661e-4166-11e3-8b74-d89d714ca4dd_story.html (accessed September 1, 2023).
Giacomini, Gabriele, The Arduous Road to Revolution. Resisting Authoritarian Regimes in the Digital Communication Age. Milan: Mimesis International, 2022.
Greenwald, Glenn, "NSA Collecting Phone Records of Millions of Verizon Customers Dai-ly," The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/nsa-phone-records-verizon-court-order (accessed September 1, 2023).
Greenwald, Glenn, and Ewen MacAskill, "NSA Prism Program Taps in to User Data of Apple, Google and Others," The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/jun/06/us-tech-giants-nsa-data (accessed September 1, 2023).
Haas, Katie, "Cell Tower Dumps: Another Surveillance Technique, Another Set of Unan-swered Questions," ACLU. https://www.aclu.org/blog/national-security/privacy-and-surveillance/cell-tower-dumps-another-surveillance-technique (accessed September 1, 2023).
Han, Byung-Chul, Psychopolitics: Neoliberalism and New Technologies of Power [2014]. London and New York: Verso, 2017.
Kaiser, Brittany, Targeted. My Inside Story of Cambridge Analytica and How Trump, Brexit and Facebook Broke Democracy, New York: HarperCollins, 2019.
Kelly, Kevin, "The Three Breakthroughs That Have Finally Unleashed AI on the World," Wired. https://www.wired.com/2014/10/future-of-artificial-intelligence/ (accessed Sep-tember 1, 2023).
Knefel, John, "Your Social Media Posts Are Fueling the Future of Police Surveillance," In-verse. https://www.inverse.com/article/8358-your-social-media-posts-are-fueling-the-future-of-police-surveillance (accessed September 1, 2023).
Kosinski, Michal, David Stillwell, and Thore Graepel, "Private Traits and Attributes Are Predictable from Digital Records of Human Behavior," Proceedings of the National Acad-emy of Sciences 110:15 (2013), 5802-5805. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1218772110
Landau, Susan, "Making Sense from Snowden: What's Significant in the NSA Surveillance Revelations," IEEE Security & Privacy 11:4 (2013), 54-63. https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2013.90.
Levinson-Waldman, Rachel, "Cellphones, Law Enforcement, and the Right to Privacy. How the Government Is Collecting and Using Your Location Data," Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law. https://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/publications/2018_12_CellSurveillanceV3.pdf (accessed September 1, 2023).
MacAskill, Ewen, Julian Borger, Nick Hopkins, Nick Davies and James Ball, "GCHQ Taps Fibre-Optic Cables for Secret Access to World's Communications," The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2013/jun/21/gchq-cables-secret-world-communications-nsa (accessed September 1, 2023).
McCrae, Robert R., and Paul T. Jr Costa, "Validation of the Five-Factor Model of Personali-ty Across Instruments and Observers," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52:1 (1987), 81-90. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.1.81
Passerin d'Entrèves, Maurizio, "Between Nietzsche and Kant: Michel Foucault's Reading Of 'What Is Enlightenment?'", History of Political Thought 20:2 (1999), 337-356.
Patgiri, Ripon and Ahmed, Arif, "Big Data: The V's of the Game Changer Paradigm," IEEE Computer Society (2016), 17¬-24. https://doi.org/10.1109/HPCC-SmartCity-DSS.2016.0014
Patton, Paul, "Deleuze and Foucault: Political Activism, History and Actuality," in Be-tween Deleuze and Foucault, ed. Nicolae Morar, Thomas Nail and Daniel W. Smith, 160-73. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781474415095-011
Pagnedda, Massimo, "Control and Surveillance in the Society of Consumers," International Journal of Sociology and Anthropology 3:6 (2011), 180-188.
Rau, Alexandra, Psychopolitik. Macht, Subjekt und Arbeit in der neoliberalen Gesellschaft. Frank-furt am Main: Campus, 2010.
Richard, Sam, "Powerful Mobile Phone Surveillance Tool Operates in Obscurity Across the Country," The Intercept. https://theintercept.com/2020/12/23/police-phone-surveillance-dragnet-cellhawk/ (accessed September 1, 2023).
Rouvroy, Antoinette, and Thomas Berns, "Algorithmic Governmentality and Prospects of Emancipation: Disparateness as a Precondition for Individuation Through Relationships?," Réseaux 177:1 (2013), 163-196. https://doi.org/10.3917/res.177.0163
Rouvroy, Antoinette, "De Big Brother à Big Data. De la surveillance au profilage: Contribu-tion au Hors série 'Michel Foucault: Le courage d'être soi'," Philosophie magazine 36 (2018), 60-63. https://pure.unamur.be/ws/portalfiles/portal/36822423/Philomag.pdf
Schmidt, Eric, and Jared Cohen, The New Digital Age: Reshaping the Future of People, Nations and Business. London: Murray, 2013.
Varian, Hal R., "Beyond Big Data," Business Economics 49:1 (2014), 27-31. https://doi.org/10.1057/be.2014.1 https://doi.org/10.1057/be.2014.1
Velásquez, Marco Maureira, and Francisco Tirado Serrano, "The Last Lesson of Michel Foucault: A Vitalism for a Future Philosophy," Athenea Digital. Revista de pensamiento e investigación social 19:2 (2019), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/athenea.2207
Verran, Helen, "The Changing Lives of Measures and Values: From Centre Stage in the Fad-ing 'Disciplinary' Society to Pervasive Background Instrument in the Emergent 'Control' Society," The Sociological Review 59:2 (2011), 60-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954X.2012.02059.x
Wells, William D., "Psychographics: A Critical Review," Journal of Marketing Research 12:2 (1975), 196-213. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224377501200210
Youyou, Wu, Michal Kosinski and David Stillwell, "Computer-based Personality Judg-ments Are More Accurate Than Those Made by Humans," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112:4 (2015), 1036-1040. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418680112
Tandera, Tommy, Hendro, Derwin Suhartono, Rini Wongso and Yen Lina Prasetio, "Per-sonality Prediction System from Facebook Users," Procedia Computer Science 116 (2017), 604-611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.10.016
Wired, "U.S. Still Mining Terror Data". https://www.wired.com/2004/02/u-s-still-mining-terror-data/ (accessed September 1, 2023).
Zuboff, Shoshana, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: Profile, 2019.
Downloads
Publiceret
Citation/Eksport
Nummer
Sektion
Licens
Copyright (c) 2024 Silvia Capodivacca, Gabriele Giacomini
Dette værk er under følgende licens Creative Commons Navngivelse – Ikke-kommerciel – Ingen Bearbejdede Værker (by-nc-nd).
Authors retain copyright to their work, but assign the right of the first publication to Foucault Studies. The work is subject to a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, but despite these restrictions, authors can take for granted that Foucault Studies will permit articles published in Foucault Studies to be translated or reprinted in another format such as a book providing a full reference is made to Foucault Studies as the original place of publication.