China and the 21st Century Arctic: Opportunities and Limitations
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22439/asca.v54i2.6741Keywords:
China, Artic, Shipping, Energy, Polar Silk RoadAbstract
In 2018 The People’s Republic of China (PRC) released its Arctic policy and articulated its position, principles, and goals as a “near-Arctic state.” In the years since, China has become a central focus of the growing academic and professional discourse surrounding the emerging Arctic and has positioned itself as a consequential actor in regional affairs. This article examines the opportunities and limitations for China in the High North by focusing on its four key drivers for Arctic engagement: resource extraction, international shipping, scientific pursuits, and international prestige. This article finds that while China’s involvement in Arctic affairs is growing, there are still significant roadblocks to its ambitions which it will need to overcome in order to reach its goal of being recognized as an Arctic power.
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Gilpin, Robert. 1981. War and Change in World Politics. N.p.: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511664267
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Kopra, Sanna. 2018. "Climate change and China's rise to great power status." In The GlobalArctic Handbook, 125-139. N.p.: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91995-9_8
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Kossa, Martin. 2019. "China's Arctic engagement: domestic actors and foreign policy." Global Change, Peace & Security 32, no. 1 (July): 19-38. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2019.1648406.
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Lavengood, Zachary. 2021. "The Evolving Arctic in the World-System." Journal of World-Systems Research 27, no. 2 (08): 468-493. https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2021.1042.
Liu, Nengye. 2021. "China and one hundred years of the Svalbard treaty: Past, present and future." Marine Policy 124 (12). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104354.
Melia, N., K. Haines, and E. Hawkins. 2016. "Sea Ice Decline and 21st Century trans-Arctic Shipping Routes." Geophysical Research Letters, no. 43 (09), 9720-9728. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069315
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Ridgewell, Henry. 2022. "'Power of Siberia 2' Pipeline Could See Europe, China Compete for Russian Gas." Voice of America. https://www.voanews.com/a/power-of-siberia-2-pipeline-could-see-europe-china-compete-for-russian-gas-/6402242.html.
Rochat, Matthew, and Sebastian Strangio. 2021. "China's Growing Dominance in Maritime Shipping - The Diplomat." The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2021/12/chinas-growing-dominance-in-maritime-shipping/.
Shambaugh, David. 2015. "China's Soft-Power Push: The Search for Respect." Foreign Affairs 94, no. 4 (08): 99-107.
Staalesen, Atle. 2019. "Russia sets out stringent new rules for foreign ships on the Northern Sea Route - ArcticToday." Arctic Today. https://www.arctictoday.com/russia-sets-out-stringent-new-rules-for-foreign-ships-on-the-northern-sea-route/?wallit_nosession=1.
The State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China. 2018. "China's Arctic Policy." Full text: China's Arctic Policy. http://english.www.gov.cn/archive/white_paper/2018/01/26/content_281476026660336.htm.
Stronski, Paul, and Nicole Ng. 2018. Cooperation and Competition, Russia and China in Central Asia, the Russian Far East, and the Arctic. Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Su, Ping, and Maximilian Mayer. 2018. "Science Diplomacy and Trust Building: 'Science China' in the Arctic." Global Policy 9, no. 3 (11): 23-28. https://doi.org/10.1111/1758-5899.12576.
Sun, Kai. 2014. "Beyond the Dragon and the Panda: Understanding China's Engagement in the Arctic." Asia Policy 18 (July): 46-51. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24905275. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2014.0023
Sun, Kai. July. "Beyond the Dragon and the Panda:: Understanding China's Engagement in the Arctic." Asia Policy, no. 18 (2014), 46-51. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24905275. https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2014.0023
Sun, Yun. 2018. "The Intricacy of China's Arctic Policy." Stimson. https://www.stimson.org/2018/intricacy-chinas-arctic-policy/.
"Svalbard Treaty," Article 2. 1920. Paris, France. https://www.jus.uio.no/english/services/library/treaties/01/1-11/svalbard-treaty.xml.
Van Gosen, Bradley S., Philip L. Verplanck, Keith R. Long, Joseph Gambogi, and Robert R. Seal II. 2014. "The Rare-Earth Elements- Vital to Modern Technologies and Lifestyles." USGS Publications Repository. https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2014/3078/pdf/fs2014-3078.pdf. https://doi.org/10.3133/fs20143078
Warsaw Institute. 2020. "Russia's Economy Is Becoming Heavily Dependent on Hydrocarbons." Warsaw Institute. https://warsawinstitute.org/russias-economy-becoming-heavily-dependent-hydrocarbons/.
Wishnick, Elizabeth. 2017. China's Interests and Goals inthe Arctic: Implications for the United States. Carslile Barracks, PA: United States Army War College Press.
Yan, Xuetong. 2014. "From Keeping a Low Profile to Striving for Achievement." The Chinese Journal of International Politics 7, no. 2 (04): 153-184. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pou027.
YLE. 2021. "Defence Ministry blocked Chinese plans for research airbase in Lapland." YLE. https://yle.fi/news/3-11820411.
Zhen, Liu. 2021. "China to develop new heavy icebreaker for 'Polar Silk Road.'" South China Morning Post. https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3155860/china-develop-new-heavy-icebreaker-polar-silk-road.
Zheng, Qingcheng, Tingyu Lu, Kun-Chin Lin, Kum Fai Yuen, and Kevin X. Li. 2019. "The Competitiveness of Arctic Shipping over Suez Canal and China-Europe Railway." Transport Policy 86 (11): 34-43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2019.11.005
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2022-12-12
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Lavengood, Z. (2022). China and the 21st Century Arctic: Opportunities and Limitations. American Studies in Scandinavia, 54(2), 88–111. https://doi.org/10.22439/asca.v54i2.6741
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