Towards a Global Partnership Network: Implications, Evolution and Prospects of China's Partnership Diplomacy

Authors

  • SHENGSONG YUE

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22439/cjas.v36i2.5647

Keywords:

partnership, Chinese foreign policy, grand diplomatic strategy

Abstract

In the past 25 years, partnership diplomacy has gradually become an indispensable component in China's grand diplomacy strategy. Between 1993 and the end of 2017, China established more than 100 partnerships with the outside world. To better understand the evolution of China's strategy for diplomacy we need to know how these partnerships are formed and what motivates China to foster its partnership network. Although the importance of this strategy has been identified, the current literature does not yet include significant study of China's partnership network. This article attempts to fill this gap by assessing existing literature on partnership and government documents, interpreting the diversified labels and grades of partnerships, and analysing the network's evolution. It also attempts to estimate possible challenges facing China in the future expansion of its global partnership network. It argues that, although China intends to further extend its global influence and explore potential benefits through its partnerships, because of the challenges ahead its partnership network is still an aspiration rather than a realistic blueprint.

Author Biography

SHENGSONG YUE

SHENGSONG YUE is a PhD candidate at the Institute of International Relations, China Foreign Affairs University. He has been working as a Fulbright visiting scholar at the Sigur Center for Asian Studies, Elliott School of International Affairs of George Washington University between 2017 and 2018. His research interests include Chinese foreign policy, USA–China relations, and discursive politics. He would like to thank David Shambaugh, Robert Sutter and Mike Mochizuki from George Washington University and Jisheng Sun from China Foreign Affairs University for their invaluable comments on an earlier draft of this article.

References

Bang, Jiun 2017. 'Why So Many Layers? China's ''State-Speak'' and Its Classification of Partnerships'. Foreign Policy Analysis 13 (2): 380–397. https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orw063

Berkofsky, Axel 2006. 'EU-China Relations-Really Towards a “Strategic Partnership”?'. Security and Peace 24 (4): 185–191. https://doi.org/10.5771/0175-274x-2006-4-185

Bolewski, Wilfried and Candy M. Rietig 2008. 'The Cultural Impact on China's New Diplomacy'. Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 8 (3): 85–86.

Ciorciari, John 2010. The Limits of Alignment: Southeast Asia and the Great Powers since 1975. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

Dai, Weilai 2016. 'China's Strategic Partnership Diplomacy'. Contemporary International Relations 1: 101–116.

Etzioni, Amitai 2011. 'Is China a Responsible Stakeholder?'. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944–) 87 (3): 539–553.

FMPRC (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China) 1999. 'Tuidong caijun jincheng, weihu guoji anquan' (Promoting the Process of Disarmament and Safeguarding International Security: Speech at the Conference on Disarmament in Geneva by the then-president Jiang Zemin). http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/gjhdq_676201/gjhdqzz_681964/lhg_683408/zyjh_683418/t4760.shtml.

FMPRC (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China) 2000. 'Zhongguo Changdao Heping Gongchu Wuxiang Yuanze' (China Advocates the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence). http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/ziliao_674904/wjs_674919/2159_674923/t8987.shtml.

FMPRC (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China) 2005. 'Striving to Build a Harmonious World of Lasting Peace and Common Prosperity---Speech at the 60th anniversary summit of the United Nations by the then-President Hu Jintao'. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/wjb_673085/zzjg_673183/gjs_673893/gjzz_673897/lhg_684120/zyjh_684130/t212365.shtml.

FMPRC (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China) 2013. 'China-India Joint Declaration on the Vision of Strategic Cooperative Partnership'. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/web/ziliao_674904/1179_674909/t1092254.shtml.

FMPRC (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China) 2014a. 'Summarizing 2014: the Harvest Year of China's Diplomacy---Wang Yi attended the Opening Ceremony of 2014 Seminar on the International Situation and China's Diplomacy and Delivered a Speech'. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceat/chn/zgyw/t1421108.html.

FMPRC (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China) 2014b. China's EU Policy Paper. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cebe/chn/zozyzcwj/domzc/t1143397.htm.

FMPRC (Ministry of Foreign Affairs, People's Republic of China) 2018. 'Speech by Foreign Minister Wang Yi at the 2018 New Year Reception of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs'. http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cgla/chn/zgxw/t1530271.html.

Goldstein, Avery 2001. 'The Diplomatic Face of China's Grand Strategy: A Rising Power's Emerging Choice'. The China Quarterly 168: 846–858. https://doi.org/10.1017/S000944390100050X

Medeiros, Evan S. 2009. China's International Behavior: Activism, Opportunism, and

Diversification. Santa Monica: RAND Corporation.

Men, Honghua 2009. Zhongguo Guoji Zhanlue Daolun (Introduction to China's International Strategy). Beijing: Tsinghua University Press.

Men, Honghua and Liu, Xiaoyang 2015. 'Zhongguo Huoban Guanxi Zhanlue yu Zhanwang' (Evaluation and Prospects of China's Partnership Strategy). Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi (World Economics and Politics) 2: 65–95.

Ni, Shixiong and Wang, Yiwei 2003. 'Zailun Guoji Guanxi Minzhuhua' (Further Discussion on the Democratization of International Relations). Shehui Kexue (Social Sciences) 12: 24–30.

Parameswaran, Prashanth 2014. 'Explaining US Strategic Partnership in the Asia-Pacific Region: Origins, Developments and Prospects'. Contemporary Southeast Asia 36 (2): 262–289. https://doi.org/10.1355/cs36-2d

Qian Gang 2012. 'Watchwords: the Life of the Party'. China Media Project. http://chinamediaproject.org/2012/09/10/watchwords-the-life-of-the-party/.

Qin, Yaqing 2016. 'Guoji Zhengzhi Guanxi Lilun de Jige Jiading' (Assumptions of the Relational Theory of World Politics). Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi (World Economics and Politics) 10: 19–28.

Rees, Nicholas 2010. 'EU-China Relations: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives'. European Studies (Amsterdam) 27: 31–47.

Shambaugh, David 2000. 'Sino-American Strategic Relations: From Partners to Competitors'. Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 42 (1): 97–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/713660152

Smith, Martin A. 2012. Power in the Changing Global Order: The US, Russia and China. Malden: Polity Press.

Smith, Michael 2014. 'EU-China Relations and the Limits of Economic Diplomacy'. Asia Europe Journal 12 (1–2): 35–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10308-014-0374-x

Strüver, Georg 2017. 'China's Partnership Diplomacy: International Alignment Based on Interests or Ideology'. Chinese Journal of International Politics 10 (1): 31–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pow015

Sun, Xuefeng and Ding, Lu 2017. 'Huobanguo Leixing yu Zhongguo Huoban Guanxi Shengji' (Types of Partners and the Upgrading of China's partnerships). Shijie Jingji yu Zhengzhi (World Economics and Politics) 2: 54–76.

The Central Government PRC 2013. 'China and ROK Announced Joint Declaration on their Future Relations: Fostering a Strategic Cooperative Partnership'. http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-06/28/content_2435889.htm.

The State Council PRC 2016. 'Chinese Premier Li Keqiang's Remarks at the 19th China-ASEAN Summit to Commemorate the 25th Anniversary of China-ASEAN Dialogue Relations'. http://english.gov.cn/premier/speeches/2016/09/09/content_281475437552250.htm, 9 September 2016.

The State Council Information Office PRC 2005. White Paper: China's Path of Peaceful

Development. http://www.scio.gov.cn/zfbps/ndhf/2005/Document/307900/307900.htm.

Trump, Donald J. 2018. 'President Donald J. Trump's State of the Union Address'. https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trumps-state-union-address.

United States Congress. Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe 2008.The Shanghai Cooperation Organization: is it Undermining U.S. Interests in Central Asia? Hearing before the Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe, One Hundred Ninth Congress, second session. Washington: US GPO.

Xinhua News Agency 2014a. China-Russia Joint Statement on the New Stage of Comprehensive Strategic Partnership of Coordination. http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-05/20/c_1110779577.html.

Xinhua News Agency 2014b. 'Xi Jinping Chuxi Zhongyang Waishi Gongzuo Huiyi bing Fabiao Zhongyao Jianghua' (Xi Jinping attended the Central Conference on Foreign Affairs and Delivered a Keynote Speech). http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2014-11/29/c_1113457723.html.

Xinhua News Agency 2014bc. 'Xi Jinping 's speech on the Dialogue on Strengthening Connectivity Partnership'. http://www.xinhuanet.com/world/2014-11/08/c_127192119.htm.

Downloads

Published

2019-02-15

Issue

Section

Articles